Disadvantges of Joint Family

extended family also has some disadvantages just like any other thing. For instance, one’s privacy may be denied in some cases because of the large number of people. There are some things you will want to do alone or sometimes one may want to think or spend time alone in privacy all of which is very hard to do in the extended family especially a very large one. There is also a kind of monarchy in extended family. A decision made by the over head which is usually the grandfather cannot be challenged any other person. This is a disadvantage because one may not be allowed to exercise his rights of freewill to something.Some Children get spoilt in extended family by the grandparents. Because the grandparents so love them, they are given freewill to almost anything for some even the bad deeds are ignored. The grandparents may also prevent the parents from taking action on their children and this brings about disrespect from the child’s end. Trouble, quarrel and conflicts are almost inevitable in extended family. Most times, there are fights especially when there is no mutual understanding among members. You hear about cousins fighting cousins, an uncle hates his nephew and so on and so forth.On the other hand, quarrels are almost null in the nuclear family. Who do you want to fight? Your siblings or parents. But in the extended family, due to the large size and little far relationship between people, these conflicts tend to prevail. Looking at both sides, it can be deduced that even though extended family has some disadvantages, still yet, the advantages outweighs the disadvantages. Its practice in Africa should therefore be preserved. People should realize the value of having family there to help support them when in need and to give them wisdom in ways that were never thought to be possible.

Pride of Paradise Lost’s Satan and Dr Faustus Essay

â€Å"Pride and worse ambition threw me down†(4.40) says Satan in John Milton’s Paradise Lost. This short and simple confession hides several deep meanings and significant messages to humankind. That is because it is not only Satan who stumbles by the sin of pride. Satan is the tempter and foe of mankind, and he imposes his own ill traits on mankind while trying to draw him to the depths of hell. That is, like Satan human may think highly of himself though he is not. In Christopher Marlowe’s The Tragical History of Doctor Faustus presents an impressive example of how limitless human is in swelling with pride. Pride was a common theme during Renaissance and, both Milton and Marlowe demonstrated how it can lead a catastrophe. Pride is the reason why both Satan and Doctor Faustus turns against God, cannot repent despite their regret, and eventually destructed and punished by God. Firstly, it is pride, their common trait, which leads Satan in Doctor Faustus to rebel against God. When we look at Satan’s situation he is in the Heaven as well as other angels, so what makes him to be fallen from there? God creates Son and makes him His most favorite one, and puts him in a higher position than Satan and other angels are. This is the point when Satan becomes Satan. He is jealous of Son because his pride makes him suppose that he should be the superior, the most beloved and valued. In lines 686-690 (Book 6), he says, â€Å"for they weened/ That selfsame day by fight, or by surprise/ To win the Mount of God, and on His throne/ To set the envier of His State, the proud /Aspirer†. These lines are an example of how his pride makes him an â€Å"aspirer† to God. However, we can see his desire for superiority when he, disguised as a serpent, and trying to deceive Eve; he says, â€Å"Look on me! /Me who have touched and tasted yet both live /And life mo re perfect have attained than fate /Meant me, by vent’ring higher than my Lot.† He teems with the idea of â€Å"a more perfect life,† and he tries to contaminate others with the same idea. His uneasiness is not only with Son, but he is unsatisfactory with God as well. Eventually, he rebels against God and be placed in Hell. As Milton starts medias res, the adventure of Satan, actually, begins when he is fallen in Hell. His fatal pride and ambition leads him to claim battle with God; he is so blinded with ambition that he cannot see his limitations. In this sense, he behaves  naively in spite of his heroic characteristic, and he is so proud of his army that he never thinks he will be defeated. For example, â€Å"How such united force of gods, how such/ As stood like these, could ever know repulse?† Here, he thinks a strong force as his will never know â€Å"repulse†. Another praise of his army is between the lines 631-634 (Book 1): â€Å"For who can yet believe, though after loss, /That all these puissant legions whose exile /Hath emptied Heav’n shall fail to re-ascend,/ Self-raised, and repossess their native seat?† He thinks so highly of his army that they surely will get their seats back in the Heaven. In short, Satan’s pride does not only lead her to rebel but also to fight with God. When we look at Doctor Faustus, though he is a human; that means he is son of Adam and enemy of Satan, he follows the paths of Satan and his pride gives rise to other sins; as a result his relation with God is broken. Doctor Faustus is a scientist who is obsessed with the idea of conjuring; however, his greatest sin is pride, which is the greatest of seven deadly sins and the one leading others. Before the play begins the Chorus tells us his pride: â€Å"Till swollen with cunning, of a self conceit† (page 1, 1.0.20). He is so proud of himself that he becomes self- conceit. Due to his pride, Doctor Faustus searches knowledge beyond human realm for power. Thus, pride brings greed, which is not just for knowledge but also for wealth. He believes thorough magic he will be richer; he says, â€Å"†A world of profit and delight, Of power, of honor, of omnipotence† (page 5, 1.1.1-2). Eventually, he makes a deal with devil and trades his soul for knowledge. Making a deal with Devil means to defy God, because he is not satisfied with what God has given him. Doctor Faustus regards himself on a higher level than devils and hell; â€Å" I charge thee to return and change thy shape,/ Thou art too ugly to attend on me; (scene 3, 23-24). He thinks nothing will happen to him; â€Å"Come, I think hell’s a fable†. His challenge with God progresses throughout the play; he supposes he is more deserving the special dish than the Pope; â€Å"POPE: My Lord, here is a dainty dish was sent to me from the bishop of Milan. FAUSTUS: I thank you, sir. [snatch it] (scene 7, 62-64)† This behavior to Pope is a disrespect to God as well. He goes further and declares he can be â€Å"Great Emperor of the world,† able to â€Å"Make a bridge through the moving air,† which is a clear defiance to God. Secondly, even  the Despair of Doctor Faustus is another aspect of his pride, which prevents him from prevent as Satan’s pr ide suggests God will not forgive him. Both characters feel regret from time to time; Good Angels ask Dr Faustus to repent and give chance to release from his deal with Lucifer, on the other hand; Satan struggles with Despair throughout the epic. However, they are so blinded with pride that anything good has no meaning to them. We can see Satan’s sorrow in these lines: , â€Å"†¦for now the thought/Both of lost happiness and lasting pain/Torments him†¦Ã¢â‚¬ (1.55-56). Yet, his pride overcomes his regret: â€Å"All is not lost; the unconquerable Will,/ And courage never to submit or yield:/ And what is else not to be overcome? / That Glory never shall his wrath or might/ Extort from me.† Another time when he thinks of reconciliation he immediately gives up, â€Å"say I could repent and could obtain/By act of grace my former state; how soon/Would height recall high thoughts† (4, 93-95). Similarly, in his encounters with Good Angels, Doctor Faustus is tempted by his pride and believes no need to doubt because nothing can hurt him â€Å"FAUSTUS. What god can hurt thee, Faustus? Thou art safe, /Cast no more doubts. (scene 5, 25-26). In Paradise Lost, Satan decides it is too late to repent because of his pride (4. 80-82); in a Satanic way Doctor Faustus believes when Devil tells him it is too late to repent. Both cannot see the power and mercy of God because they have already refused His grace before. Thirdly, both Satan and Doctor Faustus encounter punishment, and fall from grace of God; that is their pride prepares their tragic end. Firstly, when we look at Satan’s situation we see that his pride caused him to fall two times. At first, his pride leads him to envy Son, and he is punished by casted off to Hell. His first fall; â€Å"â€Å"Him the Almighty Power/ Hurled headlong flaming from the ethereal sky/ With hideous ruin and combustion down / To bottomless perdition, there to dwell (44) As Milton begins medias res he focuses on the second flaw. He does not choose the way to repent, instead; his pride grows to such an extent that he claims battle over God. Inevitably, he is defeated at last though his achievement to cause Adam and Eve to be exiled from Paradise. Satan’s attempts due to his pride and his fall is clearly explained in these lines; â€Å"â€Å"To set himself in glory above his peers,/ He trusted to have equaled the Most High, / If he opposed; and with ambitious aim/ Against the throne and monarchy of God, / Raised impious was in Heaven and battle proud /With vain attempt.†(39-44). Even  Satan himself confesses the reason of his fall â€Å"†pride and worse ambition threw me down† (4, 40). † Secondly, when we look at Doctor Faustus his fall due to his pride and how he follows the paths of Satan is foreshadowed at the beginning; when he inquires Satan, Mephastophilis replies â€Å"O, by aspiring pride and insolence / For which God threw him from the face of Heaven. (scene 3, 66- 68). That demonstrates why Satan has fallen and implies how Doctor Faustus, who makes a deal with Satan, will fall. Before that, in prologue the Chorus explicitly suggests he will fall due to his pride: â€Å"Till, swollen with cunning, of a self conceit, /His waxen wings did mount above his reach,/ And melting heavens conspired his overthrow. (prologue,18-22). In conclusion, a heavenly character and a human being intersect in their characteristics, flaws, and ends. Satan in Paradise Lost and Doctor Faustus in Marlowe’s play swell with pride; the former claiming himself an enemy to God, and the latter denying the power of God. Both, inability to repent, allow their pride, to become excessive and bring their downfall.

Research Literature Review Breast Cancer in USA Essay

Introduction Breast cancer continues to be an important focus of attention for medical professionals, policy-makers and general public in the US. The high incidence of the disease and its devastating, in many cases, fatal, outcomes rivet the attention of the professional public. Studies identified for this literature review are for the most part practically oriented, in the sense that they deal with topics that are of primary importance in detecting, treating, and preventing breast cancer. Thus, two sources deal with the programs aimed at women education in the US concerning breast cancer, and two others cover the research into environmental causes of breast cancer. The problem of treatment options for breast cancer is also considered. Education Programs In the US where the population is extremely diverse, creation of special education programs targeting various population groups in accordance with their status is of special importance. Armando Valdez, Kakoli Banerjee, Lynn Ackerson, and Maria Fernandez in their article â€Å"Multimedia breast cancer education intervention for low-income Latinas† outline a special program aimed at the segment of women including Latino women. The problem with detection and early treatment of cancer among Latino women is connected to the fact that Latina women’s screening rate is considerably lower the required government standards and the rate for other ethnic groups. The researchers arrive at the conclusion that, given the availability of subsidized mammograms for poor Latina women, the main deterrent for improvement in the screening rate is lack of knowledge about cancer risks and treatment options. Complicated level of education materials prepared for the target group by the American Cancer Society was identified as an important factor blocking the access of Latina women to adequate information as materials presented often required a superior level of reading skills and the materials were not prepared in Spanish. The paper reports â€Å"the results of a multimedia breast cancer education intervention, tailored to the needs of low-education, low-income Latinas, and attempt to document specific changes in women’s knowledge, attitudes and intentions toward mammography screening† (Valdez et al., 2002). Using the Breast Cancer Multimedia Kiosk including instructional videos exposing the target group to the dangers of breast cancer, the authors were able to conclude that interactive multimedia technologies are an effective tool in raising awareness of cancer risks among low-income women. Although the women had some prior knowledge of cancer (â€Å"the majority of baseline study participants (over 80%) knew age and family history as risk factors†), the post-exposure assessment revealed a significant increase in knowledge after the program. Krystal Ngoc-Thy Luong and Jenny K. Yi in â€Å"Apartment-Based Breast Cancer Education Program for Low Income Vietnamese American Women† evaluate a similar program targeting a different ethnic group. As in the case with Latina women, breast cancer is the leading cause of death in this subgroup. Although Asian/Pacific Islander American, or APIA, women have a lower incidence rate of breast cancer (102.0 per 100,000 versus 140.8 per 100,000 for White American women), exposure to Western lifestyle tends to push these rates up. In addition, APIA women tend to be younger when diagnosed with breast cancer than other categories. The study aimed â€Å"to develop, implement, and evaluate the effect of an apartment-based breast cancer educational program for the hard to reach low income Vietnamese women† (Luong, Yi, 2005). The program was designed to be based on apartment visits as it provided a convenient way to reach women, covering neighbourhoods with high concentration of Vietnamese families in Houston. The intervention was carried out by two educators who delivered 20 educational sessions over the period of 3 months that provided the Vietnamese women with information concerning screening, recommendations and referrals to screening. Women were supplied with promotional materials including printed educational information and videos. Measurement of the knowledge levels through telephone surveys concerning breast cancer issues demonstrated that they were â€Å"significantly higher in the intervention group after receiving education about breast cancer when compared to women in the control group† (Luong, Yi, 2005). The researchers drew the conclusion that an apartment-based program has many advantages as compared to other ones because it addresses women in comfortable home settings, giving them a chance to relax and open up more to the conversation with the educator. Environmental Hazards and Breast Cancer Another important direction of research concerns the impact of pollutants and other environmental factors on incidence of breast cancer in women. Thus, Peggy Reynolds, Susan E. Hurley, Robert B. Gunier, Sauda Yerabati, Thu Quach, and Andrew Hertz in â€Å"Residential Proximity to Agricultural Pesticide Use and Incidence of Breast Cancer in California, 1988-1997† evaluate the connection between the facts that California is the most important agricultural state and also demonstrates the highest breast cancer rates in the US. The purpose of the study was formulated as desire to find out â€Å"whether California breast cancer rates were elevated in areas with recent high agricultural pesticide use† (Reynolds et al., 2005). The research was based on the assessment of 176,302 invasive breast cancer cases including â€Å"70,968,598 person-years of observation† (Reynolds et al., 2005). Using Poisson regression analyses, the authors were not able to find a consistent link between living close to the areas of pesticide distribution and having breast cancer. The upshot of the study was that breast cancer was hardly driven by pesticide use, but was more closely related to various social factors such as socioeconomic status. Julia Green Brody and Ruthann A. Rudel in â€Å"Environmental pollutants and breast cancer† address a wider ranger of substances that can lead to breast tumors. The proliferation of breast cancer in North America has caused the need to look for more sources of this disease, examining a wider range of factors. The study covers â€Å"chemicals that may be breast carcinogens, promote growth of breast cells and hormonally sensitive tumors, or affect mammary gland development and susceptibility† (Brody, Rudel, 2003). The researchers identify already known breast cancer risk factors including reproductive factors, exposure to pharmaceutical hormones, diet, ionizing radiation, socioeconomic status and posited the need to identify more factors. Thus, the scholars point to the need to further investigate the risk associated with occupational hazards including exposure â€Å"to the mammary carcinogens benzene, PAHs, and certain organic solvents† (Brody, Rudel, 2003). For instance, speaking of organic solvents, one study identified a connection between breast cancer rates in Danish women and their exposure to these substances in the workplace. The research, after examining 7,802 women with cancer diagnosis, registered a 20-66% rise in breast cancer risk for women who have been employed in occupations that envisaged active exposure to organic solvents. Other studies demonstrated increased risk of breast cancer development for women employed in the chemical industry, textile manufacturing, or nuclear power plants. The authors conclude by saying that more research is needed in the area, but the literature available so far clearly indicates that the link exists between cancer rates and environmental factors. Treatment Options Finally, another issue which has been identified to inspire researchers is the availability of treatment options for cancer and choice between various alternatives. Kathleen B. Donaghy in â€Å"Fostering Sound Medical Treatment Decision Making: A Focusing on Treatment Choices for Breast Cancer† explores this problem. Invoking the decision-making theory, the author evaluates the potential for adequate decision-making in patients struck with this shocking diagnosis. Donaghy (2003) believes that hasty decisions concerning treatment options made on insufficient information are often regretted by the patient later on. As common deterrents that prevent responsible decision-making she identifies five key points: 1.) cognitive overload 2.) failure to fully comprehend treatment options 3.) inability or refusal to process information in the presence of a denial defense 4.) hurried presentation of information by the physician 5.) self-imposed time constraints to get decisions made. (Donaghy, 2003) The article identifies the key strategies that can be employed by the physician to help the patient in the choice, such as providing maximal possible information to guide the patient’s decisions, improving communication, framing information in an appropriate format, obtaining informed consent etc. Using the decision theory to define decision-making as a choice between status quo and other alternatives shed light on patient values that can be involved in decisions regarding breast surgery. Conclusion The pervasiveness of breast cancer in the US makes research related to the issue highly topical. Examination of causes including environmental factors can help craft governmental policies that will prevent the spread of the deadly disease. On the other hand, developing policies aimed at early detection and effective treatment can be instrumental in curbing the death rate from breast cancer. In this light, creation of programs specifically tailored to the needs of individual groups can be an effective solution. Finally, research oriented toward helping the patient make the best decision concerning treatment options will be an important prerequisite of effective treatment programs. References Ackerson, L., Banerjee, K., Fernandez, M., & Valdez, A. (2002). A Multimedia Breast Cancer Education Intervention for Low-Income Latinas. Journal of Community Health 27(1), 33+. Retrieved April 14, 2006, from http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=5000714747 Brody, J.G., & Rudel, R.A. (2003). Environmental Pollutants and Breast Cancer. Environmental Health Perspectives 111(8), 1007+. http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=5002005585 Donaghy, K.B. (2003). Fostering Sound Medical Treatment Decision Making: A Focusing on Treatment Choices for Breast Cancer. Annals of the American Psychotherapy Association 6(4), 6+. Retrieved April 14, 2006, from http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=5002578878 Gunier, G.M., Hertz, A., Hurley, S.E., Quach, T., Reynolds, P., et al. (2005). Residential Proximity to Agricultural Pesticide Use and Incidence of Breast Cancer in California, 1988-1997. Environmental Health Perspectives 113(8), 993+. Retrieved April 14, 2006, from http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=5010885312 Ngoc-Thy Luong, K., & Yi, J.K. (2005). Apartment-Based Breast Cancer Education Program for Low Income Vietnamese American Women. Journal of Community Health 30(5), 2005, 345+. Retrieved April 14, 2006, from http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=5011756419   

TWO - Gallery report Guidelines Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

TWO - Gallery report Guidelines - Essay Example The sculpture, which is important and rare, is one of the very few surviving art works which were made at one Emperor Duan Zhengxing’s request. Emperor Duan Zhengxing was the ruler of Dali Kingdom since the year 1147 to 1172. The bodhisattva Guanyin was made specifically on behalf of the two princes to ensure prosperity as well as longevity of the multitudinous sons. Creation of this kind of icon to represent the Ajava, Azuaye Guanyin or the all victorious Avalokitesvara has been shown in the Nanzhao hand scroll illustrated history in the mid 10th century, which gives details of the Buddhism miraculous introduction done by an Indian into Yunnan. The Indian monk was believed to be the bodhisattva’s incarnation. This sculpture importantly shows strong stylistic connections to Indian and south eastern Asian images but the flavor it retains in its own relative structure, linear style is Chinese (Brooklyn Museum). The art is made of cast bronze and also has traces of gold. I t is an Asian art collection made in between 11th and 12th century in Yunnan, China during the Dali kingdom period. It was a gift to the Asian air council, and placed in Brooklyn museum. Its dimensions are 18 7/8 x 4 1/2 x 3 in. (47.9 x 11.4 x 7.6cm). The stiffened frontal stance, ornate ornaments and the symmetrical robes impart informal, hierarchical sort of impression. However, there is some human tenderness right in the gentle face. The body is youthful, fragile and quite slender (Brooklyn Museum). This Guanyin cast bronze image, also known as God of Mercy, also known in ancient Indian language as Bodhisattva Avalokitesvara, happens to be one of a small group of idols worshipped as the Indian monk’s incarnation. This is the Indian monk who introduced Buddhism in the Dali semi independent kingdom. This place is in south central China. The Bodhisattva is represented standing bare footed. Raised is its right hand in the vitarkamudra while its left hand has been extended in t he varadamudra. The art elaborates finely engraved hair style which is held twisted cords or braids which secure the image of Buddha Amitabha right above the crown that rests on the fore head of the figure (Brooklyn Museum). Finely sculpted is the face with a calm quite expression, flattened nose, pursed lips and long undulating eyes. It has pierced earlobes which have been decorated with some heavy earrings and they extend to the shoulders. Three flesh delicate folds form the neck with a wide surrounding of decorated necklace which is secured at the back with some loosely knotted cord. Right on the upper part of both arms, the figure wears some elaborate arm bands. In the right wrist, the figure also has a string of beads (Brooklyn Museum). Accented with some belt which has been added with eight petaled floral bosses to make it more beautiful is the slender high waist. The skirt with long pleats has been secured with the elaborate peace of clothe which has been knotted on the hips and at the front and there are stylized folds from the hands to the figure’s ankles. Also descending on the both sides and in between the legs of the figure are vertical pleats. Natha This was the Avalokitesvara art of the Anuradhapura period. This art was created between the 8th and the 9th century. It is basically a solid cast made of bronze Gilt. Natha like Guanyin was very popular but its

Does It Make Sense For Nestle To Focus Its Growth Efforts On Emerging Essay

Does It Make Sense For Nestle To Focus Its Growth Efforts On Emerging Markets Why - Essay Example The growth level of Nestle is rising in developing nations such as China, South East Asia and a few markets of Middle East, Africa and Latin America. Thus, it makes sense for Nestle to focus its growth in emerging markets (Biotee, n.d.). The company through mergers and acquisitions developed its growth and expanded the operations along with increase in market share in emerging markets. As the rising markets are providing ample of opportunities for Nestle to expand their business in certain growing economies, thus it can provide them opportunity for future sustained growth (One World Trust, 2007). Nestle, one of the world's largest food groups have set out to expand their business in the fast-growing emerging markets which will enable them to make future market growth with the help of new products as well as their existing products (The Economic Times, 2011). Nestle is much conscious of the emerging markets importance to its businesses. In 2009, the company had a 42 per cent fall down in its net profit. In 2010, Nestle had seen a growth of 0.3 per cent from its established markets whereas in Asian countries such as China there was around double- digit growth for the company. In provisions of retail sales the company is also ranked in third after Mars-Wrigley and Cadbury in the emerging markets. Thus, it is important for Nestle to expand its market in emerging nations for its future growth (Greenmail, 2010)... In provisions of retail sales the company is also ranked in third after Mars-Wrigley and Cadbury in the emerging markets. Thus, it is important for Nestle to expand its market in emerging nations for its future growth (Greenmail, 2010) 2.0 What Is the Company’s Strategy With Regard To Business Development in Emerging Markets? Does This Strategy Make Sense? From An Organizational Perspective, What Is Required For This Strategy To Work Effectively? Nestle continues to expand in emerging markets by extending to Central and Eastern Europe with the creation of a new service centre. They had developed strategies in order to generate growth in the local economy by enhancing employment opportunities and creating a talent pool of young skilled workers in the developing nations (Nestle, 2010). In emerging markets Nestle grow by controlling ingredients along with processing technology for local conditions and utilising the suitable brand for that market. In Asia, Nestle attain local comp anies in order to make a group of independent regional managers as they are much acquainted with the culture of local markets than others. They are generally focussed on developing local foods for local markets and they are not providing importance to their global brands in emerging markets. It also localises its distribution and marketing strategy to the requirements of the local market (Slide Share, 2011). In Nigeria, Nestle selected local singers in order to visit towns as well as villages for providing a mix of entertainment along with product demonstrations. In China, the company built its own distribution of network which is branded as ‘milk roads’

Contract Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words - 1

Contract Law - Essay Example These elements are consideration, subject matter, and time of performance. While making an offer, an offeree may reply to offer made positively with some additions or modifications. Such additions or modifications affect the formation, time, and place of contract under both English and UAE laws. In respect to English and UAE laws, the following is a discussion on effects of additions or modifications made by offeree in response to an offer. Theories for Validity of Contracts Apart from the essential elements and terms of a contract determining validity of a contract, four other theories attempt to explain when, where, and how validity is attainable. The first theory proposes that a contract becomes valid when and where the negotiations begin that is, when and/or where declarations are made. For instance, in the case of Applegate v Moss [1971] 1 QB 406 the court held that the contract was valid when the negotiations started between the two parties. From the UAE Civil Code, a contract becomes valid upon receipt and realization of the offeree’s acceptance . The other theory explaining validity of a contract majors on when and where the offer and acceptance is received. Receiving of the offer and acceptance determines that both parties are comfortable with terms and conditions of the contract. Moreover, whenever a contract arises then it becomes valid. Lastly, the other theory that confirms validity of a contract is when and where the offeree becomes aware of existence of the offer. ... Additions and Modifications by Offeree Any change made by an offeree in the context of responding to an offer amounts to additions and modifications of a contract. Modifications and/or additions may be material or immaterial but they all affect formation, time, and place of the contract in all laws but in this case, special interest is on English and UAE laws. In a contract, an offer refers to a manifestation of an intention by once of the contracting parties, which leads to a binding agreement in the event that it is accepted. In the case of Moran v University College Salford (No. 2) [1994] ELR 1872 where the court held that, the University had made an offer, which was accepted by the plaintiff. Another case was OT Africa Line Ltd v Vickers Plc [1996] 1 All ER 325 3where there was a mistake in making of the offer. For instance, in the case of Barry and Davies [1962]1 2000[HC]4 the court held that there was a collateral contract between auctioneer and highest bidder since upon the of fer made by the auctioneer, the highest bidder accepted the bid. Nonetheless, many offerees in some cases accept offer upon making some modifications or adding other aspects of the contract. From the UAE laws, an offer makes a contract to be valid through three basic ways. First, when an acceptance follows the offer made5. The other way is when an offer of specific goods and services has along with it indication of remission of consideration as required in order to validate contract6. Lastly, the last offer is valid especially when there is a repetition of the offer prior to acceptance of previously made offer7. Additions and/or modifications may be valid or invalid depending on various factors. It is important to note that

The Slum Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

The Slum - Essay Example That experience was horrible and embarrassing for any lady and these types of experiences were common for slum dwellers. The experiences of the slum dwellers will shock the readers and make them feel shame. They will a world apart, a beleaguered service sector, work force that surrounds new economy, which remains feeling bad about the unmet needs and desires. The health of those people should be taken care by some others like social service organizations or by the governments as they don't have enough money to spend lavishly on quality health services. Most of the medical facilities which are available with five star facilities and costly were just a dream for the people living in slums. The way the doctors, nurses and midwives deal with patients resemble class politics. Though some of nurses and midwives were part of the slums they treat their co dwellers as second grade citizens. The difference that has been shown and being shown was a result of the discrimination shown by the peop le who employ them. The homes of the people in the slums are not comfortable, forget about spaciousness. The myriad physical activities between the adults during night will not have any privacy and there is very much chance of exposed to children. This makes both adults and children psychologically depressed. This depression results in pessimism in many people and determination in only a few of people. So majority of the slum dwellers do not enjoy or achieve much in their life. If one or two achieve their stories will be an example to study. This shows that success is not common in slums as it was in other areas. The main reason for this is not only the psychological depression caused due to living in uncomfortable houses but also the economical inability to join their children in the schools that offer quality education. The schools which accommodate slum children do not have qualified teachers or a play ground for the children to play. The class rooms can be considered as prison type and the children will feel quarantined rather than getting a learning experience. All the twenty four hours in the day will make the children to feel discomfort in one or the other way. The lack of satisfaction in them makes them vulnerable for various temptations of wrong doings. Majority of the children grow as youngsters to be attracted towards the illegal activities or towards the low wage jobs. This makes them again living in slums. Only the candidates who are meritorious congenitally will thrive in the education and get scholarships or lift in the society. The income of those people will hardly meet with the expenses of the comforts. When they go out they look for the facility which will give less expenditure. They do not bother about the comforts or in one sense they invite discomfort for the sake of saving money. They prefer to stay in the car or a bus for the night instead of taking a room in the hotel when they are outdoors. This is due to their financial inability to meet the expenses of both boarding and lodging when they go out. If one is met the other must be sacrificed. Generally they choose for meeting the boarding expenses and just adjust with the lodging facilities. The people in urban slums live in a type of settlement environment. This makes them insecure as they are supposed to evict at any time. The housing is not durable and precarious. As more number of people live in

Adler and Van Dorens The Activity and Art of Reading Essay

Adler and Van Dorens The Activity and Art of Reading - Essay Example (2014). In this case, I think that it is the students’ responsibility to apply the concepts taught by the teacher so that they can articulate them in their memory. In addition, learners have to incorporate initiatives of internalizing different concepts and knowledge that they receive from the teachers. Therefore, learners are obligated to act on things communicated to them, Adler, M. (1999). After reading â€Å"The Activity and Art of Reading† by Adler and Van Doren, I deduce my main role as a student is to be a thinker or a learner. In this aspect, I should consider the absence of a teacher as a motivating factor to help me have my books for a tutor: the book takes the position of a life instructor. Compulsorily, I should be very active in class by not only taking simple questions from the teacher but also tackling ideas raised by other students. In addition, I should feel free to express my own thoughts and ideas concerning the matter under discussion in the classroom. This will allow me to create my own knowledge and ideas about learning. Lastly, I have a role as a student to be motivated about learning. In this case, I am supposed to exhibit surmountable interests in learning. Adler, M. (1999) suggest that the main classroom duty performed by a teacher is to facilitate learning. In this case, the teacher communicates ideas and concepts to the students that are commonly referred to as aided discovery. The teacher is tasked with the role of monitoring various activities that learners are undertaking. In addition, the teacher is obligated to prepare learners with knowledge and prior experience so that the learning process can be conducted with expedite and efficiency. Other roles include managing the learning, managing activities and managing the group. Teacher diversity capital, according to Adler, M. (1999), is intended to develop teaching enrichment that embraces sensation and drives teachers to seek new prospects and ideas for building

The Differences in Economic Coverage conducted by The New York Times Essay

The Differences in Economic Coverage conducted by The New York Times and The Wall Street Journal - Essay Example ommunist Movement’s elites; the week before gave out a pattern for refurbishing over the coming year that demands authorizing customers and simplifying Beijing’s clutch on important firms long managed by the government. Its clearing objectives constitute simplifying hindrances for foreign capital in a few firms; raising the engagement of private investors in government ruled enterprises and offering the nation’s huge rural demography larger availability of cash. For a long time, a single important step, that is a demand to simplify China’s single-child rule, indicates an intention to struggle with the accumulating forces for an aging community. Several people claim that even extra theatrical steps are required. However, Beijing’s declaration proposes that elites need to make sure that China has a steady pool of workforce; and remains a healthy development market for decades to come. The motive in the nation is optimistic and the citizens of China ar e ready to cooperate (Baker 1). As well, the New York Times reporting on the Federal Reserve officials claimed that several of them are unwilling to move on with the Fed’s incentive movement in its present state. Thus, they struggled at their most current conference with different means of promoting an economy that yet requires aid. The debates, defined in the normal report of the conference in October that the Fed issued on Wednesday, did not provide any sudden reform in rule (Appelbaum 1). Officials agreed at the conference to push ahead with the present operation, despite the report claiming that a reform could emerge â€Å"at one of its coming conferences†. The framework of that change has been obvious for some time. The Fed wishes to lower and then postpone its monthly buys of assets and mortgage-backed... This paper is the best example of comparison of economic coverage of similar events, performed by two renowned American newspapers. On the economic front, visions and approaches of these two outlets vary. For instance, the NYT on the Chinese economy claimed that an agreement was reached at the Third Plenum that the nation must change from a development plan concentrated on manufacturing exports in the U.S. and different affluent nations, to one that attracts high promotion from its 1.3 billion customers. On the other side, the WSJ, argues that: business may triumph huge if China pursues through on its promises to provide the market a higher responsibility in the globe’s second biggest economy As well, the NYT reports, that on the Federal Reserve officials agreed at the conference to push ahead with the present operation, despite the report claiming that a reform could emerge â€Å"at one of its coming conferences†. The WSJ on its part claimed that data obtained from the Federal Open market Committee conference largely proposes that economic activity has moved on growing at a reasonable speed. On the euro zone economy, the NYT claimed that the euro zone economy marked moment in the third quarter of the calendar, increased by simply 0.1% from the second quarter. This illustrated frustrating hopes that a completely fledged revival was lastly taking hold following five decades of depression and declination. The WSJ on its part accounted that another indicator for the euro zone economy assumed an expected twist for the worse this month as an economic trust sign declined.

Managing Eastman Kodaks New Environment Case Study

Managing Eastman Kodaks New Environment - Case Study Example The appointment of CEO Antonio Perez, in 2003, with his commitment to the "worldwide transformation of Kodak from a business based on film to one based primarily on digital technologies" (Marcial 2007) may well be the answer to Kodak's woes. Will Eastman Kodak under the leadership of CEO Perez succeed to manage its new environment According to Michael Porter's five forces model of industry analysis, the points to consider are (1) Rivalry, (2) Threat of Substitutes, (3) Buyer Power, (4) Supplier Power, and (5) Barriers to Entry. (QuickMBA 2007) Under Perez, Kodak realized that the company needed to reinvent and reposition itself. It was no longer the technological giant of the photography, film and film processing industry, because that industry was in danger of extinction with the changes in the technological environment and consumers' appreciation of those changes. Perez steered Kodak into entering the digital photography market and faced fierce competition from Sony and Canon. (Marcial 2007) Kodak launched EasyShare, its family of digital cameras, which was widely praised. But it failed to anticipate how "fast these digital cameras would become commodities, with low profit margins, as every competitor raced into the market. Perez had counted on rising demand for traditional photography in China to slow the fall. But China went digital as fast as everybody else While blazing growth of camera sales has helped blunt the effects of Kodak's fast-fading film revenues, it hasn't replaced the rich profits of the film business P erez realized that he had championed a dramatic change only to find it wasn't the right model for turning the company around." (Hamm, Symonds 2007) Perez had succeeded in addressing its rivals in the digital camera market and even surpassed targets in camera sales but this was not the answer to Kodak's problems. According to Porter, the next force to contend with is the threat of substitutes. (QuickMBA 2007). In Kodak's case, even with its digital camera rivals, it did not have to contend with threats of substitutes but rather, current industry players had to contend with Kodak, as did Sony and Canon in the milieu of digital cameras. And since digital cameras did not prove to be the answer that Kodak was looking for, CEO Perez, with his expertise gleaned from Hewlett-Packard, sought to threaten yet another in Kodak's quest for answers to its problems. According to Symonds in a Business Week article, printing could be Kodak's brightest hope for the future with its $2.1 billion investment in the commercial printing market. "And its technology could prove nearly as important an evolution in printmaking as movable type -- allowing for mass customization on unprecedented scales." (Symonds 2006) In this arena, again Kodak had to face tough competition from leaders Xerox and Hewlett-Packard, but "Kodak has pulled together a broader portfolio than rivals by picking up everything from the software and plates printers need to get a job started to the presses needed to complete it." (Symonds 2006) So, it wasn't so much that Kodak had to deal with the threats of substitutes but rather it had to work on becoming a potent threat itself to dislodge

Landlord and Tenant Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Landlord and Tenant Law - Essay Example In case the landlord opposes the request for renewal, then termination of such a tenancy must be done as is prescribed by the Act failure to which has negative consequences especially on the landlord (Freedman, Shapiro & Steele 2006). This paper discusses the remedies of addressing Spotted Dice Limited which has defaulted in the service charges and rent. It also outlines practicalities of exercising break clause in a lease as well as the procedure of ensuring a lease does not get a statutory protection. This is the first part of question one, which involves explaining the remedies to be taken in addressing the issue of forfeiture by Spotted Dice Limited. The FRI basis on which Spotted Dice Limited was granted the lease in Lansbury Towers is an abbreviation for Full Repairing and Insuring. FRI basis protects and relieves a landlord from incurring the costs of repairs and insurance and it is effected from the onset of a business tenancy. It therefore means that Spotted Dice Limited being granted the tenancy of the first floor of the Lansbury Towers is liable for all the costs of repair and insurance. This should be effective for the entire period of ten years the tenancy is granted. After failing to fulfill these obligations in the sixth year of lease, Spotted Dice Limited has breached the agreement made at the time of leasing. There are therefore two remedies to address the situation, which are possession claim remedy and damages for the breach of covenant remedy (City Law School 2014). Possession claim remedy is usually taken to regain the possession of the leased premise. Because Spotted Dice Limited has failed to remit this quarter’s rent, repossession of the premise allows for leasing to a new tenant. Similarly, damage for breach of covenant remedy applies where agreements in a contract have not been honoured. From the initial agreement, Spotted

Calorimetry and Hesss Law Essay Example for Free

Calorimetry and Hesss Law Essay Elemental magnesium is one of the principal components of flares used to illuminate nighttime activities, or to aid in signaling one’s location to aircraft and ships. Your instructor may ignite a strip of magnesium ribbon to demonstrate the combustion of magnesium in air. It will be evident that a great deal of light energy is released from this reaction. A direct method for measuring the heat produced by this reaction would be difficult, so we shall resort to an indirect method in this experiment as discussed below. Some chemical reactions (including the one above) are associated with the evolution of thermal energy and are called exothermic reactions. When there is absorption of energy in a chemical reaction, the process is called endothermic. The magnitude of the energy change is determined by the particular reaction as well as the amount of product(s) formed. The thermal energy transferred in a balanced chemical reaction carried out at constant pressure is called the enthalpy of reaction (or heat of reaction) and is  given the symbol ΔHrxn. ΔHrxn is often expressed in units of kJ/mole where mole refers to the amount of a reactant or a product involved in the reaction. In general, the reactant or product must be specified. In this experiment, you will measure the enthalpy changes of several exothermic reactions utilizing a simple calorimeter. This calorimeter consists of an insulated vessel (a Styrofoam cup), a thermometer, and a lid (which is loose fitting to allow the pressure to remain constant. The energy given off by any reaction carried out in the calorimeter is absorbed by both the calorimeter and the solvent (water). This causes an increase in the temperature of the calorimeter and solvent that can be me asured by a thermometer. The heat that is absorbed by the calorimeter and solvent is calculated from the equation: qcal = C â‹… ΔT (1) where C is the heat capacity of the calorimeter and solvent, and ΔT is the change in temperature of the water (the solvent) in the calorimeter. Heat capacity is defined as the amount of energy required to raise the temperature of an object by 1  °C. In this experiment, the vessel and the amount of solvent remain constant, so C is a constant. Enthalpy is an extensive quantity, so the amount of heat generated by the reaction is given by the expression: qrxn = n â‹… ΔH (2)  where n is the number of moles of a specific reactant or product and ΔH is the enthalpy change of the reaction in kJ/mol. Since the energy of the universe is conserved, the total energy change of the system (the reaction) and surroundings (calorimeter and solvent) is equal to zero. These relationships can be combined as shown in equation (3). qsystem + qsurroundings = qreaction + qcalorimeter = n⋅ΔH + C⋅ΔT = 0 (3) This equation can be rearranged to determine either C or ΔH as shown in equations (4) and (5). C = − n⋅ΔH/ΔT (4) ΔH = − C⋅ΔT/n (5) For exothermic reactions, ΔH 0 and ΔT 0. The main experimental problem in any calorimetric measurement is obtaining an  accurate value of ΔT. The initial temperature, Ti, of the reactants can be determined directly using a thermometer. However, it is difficult to obtain a precise value for the final temperature, Tf (the instantaneous temperature when the reactants are mixed together and react), because (1) reactions do not occur instantaneously, and (2) calorimeters are not perfectly insulating, but actually allow some heat energy to slowly enter or escape from the calorimeter over time. This occurs both during the reaction and after its completion. If an exothermic reaction occurs in a hypothetical calorimeter that is perfectly insulated, all of the heat produced by the reaction will remain in the calorimeter, resulting in a constant final temperature. This would yield the same ΔT whether or not the reaction is instantaneous. Now consider a hypothetical exothermic reaction that occurs instantaneously, but in a realistic calorimeter that is not perfectly insulated. In this case, the temperature of the calorimeter would diminish over time due to the gradual escape of heat energy to the surroundings. ï€  The â€Å"final† temperature to be used in determining ΔT in this case is actually the maximum temperature reached immediately after reaction occurs, since this temperature change is due exclusively to the heat produced in the reaction, and no escaping of heat to the surroundings has occurred yet. For real calorimeter experiments, reactions neither occur instantaneously nor are calorimeters perfectly insulated. Thus, during an exothermic reaction the temperature of the calorimeter increases initially, but never has a chance to reach the correct maximum â€Å"final† temperature since heat is escaping to the surroundings even while the reaction is proceeding toward completion. A correction for this heat exchange is made by an extrapolation process using the temperature vs. time curve (see Figure 1). First, a plot of the temperature readings as a function of time for the reaction is generated. By extrapolating only the linear portion of the curve (e.g., the points including and after the maximum temperature) back to zero time (the time when the reactants were mixed in the calorimeter), Tf is obtained. The Tf value determined in this manner will be the temperature that the calorimeter and the solvent would have reached, had the reaction occurred instantaneously and with no heat exchange to the room. This value should be used for the calculation of change in temperature, ΔT. Consult with your TA for specific instructions for extrapolation using Microsoft Excel. A. Determination of the Enthalpy of Combustion of Mg Using Hess’s Law The calorimeter will be used to determine the enthalpy of combustion of magnesium by application of Hess’s law. Consider the following reactions: (a) H2(g) +  ½ O2 (g) → H2O (l) ΔHa = − 285.84 kJ/mole (b) Mg(s) + 2 H+ (aq) → Mg2+ (aq) + H2 (g) ΔHb (c) Mg2+ (aq) + H2O (l) → MgO (s) + 2 H+ (aq) ΔHc By adding equations (a), (b), and (c) we obtain (d) Mg (s) +  ½ O2 (g) → MgO (s) ΔHrxn = ΔHa + ΔHb + ΔHc which represents the combustion of Mg(s). Reaction (a) represents the formation of liquid water from its constituent elements. The enthalpy change for this reaction, symbolized ΔHa above, is the standard heat of formation of liquid water (or ΔHf (H2O)) and is a known quantity. ΔHb and ΔHc will be determined experimentally by measuring the temperature rise when known masses of magnesium metal and magnesium oxide, respectively, are added to hydrochloric acid. Reaction (c) as written is an endothermic reaction. Since it is easier to perform the reverse (exothermic) reaction, the data you collect will be of opposite sign to that needed for the Hess’s law calculation for reaction (d). When data from your analysis is correctly combined with that for the known reaction (a), the enthalpy of combustion of magnesium metal can be obtained. PROCEDURE: Note: Handle the Styrofoam cups gently. They will be used by other lab sections! A. Determination of the Enthalpy of Combustion of Magnesium Reaction of Magnesium Metal and Hydrochloric Acid 1. Using the graduated cylinder, add 50.0 mL of 1.0 M HCl to the empty calorimeter. Wait for a few minutes to allow the set-up to reach thermal  equilibrium. 2. While waiting, determine the mass of a sample of magnesium ribbon (about 0.15 g) on the analytical balance, and then wrap it with a piece of copper wire. The copper will not react in the solution; its purpose is to prevent the magnesium from floating to the surface during the reaction. Do not wrap the magnesium too tightly or it will not react quickly enough with the HCl solution. Do not wrap the magnesium too loosely since it may escape the copper â€Å"cage† and float. 3. Using LoggerPro, start a run of 500 seconds with the temperature probe in the 1.0 M HCl in the calorimeter (with lid). 4. The magnesium/copper bundle is added to the HCl solution. Replace the lid with the thermometer in place, and begin swirling to mix. Be sure to support the temperature probe. Continue swirling and collecting data and record about 300 seconds or until the temperature starts decreasing. This will provide the linear part of the curve, and are the most important points for the extrapolation procedure. 5. When data collection is completed, rinse the calorimeter and thermometer with distilled water and dry as completely as possible. Place the piece of copper in the container labeled â€Å"copper waste.† B. Reaction of Magnesium Oxide and Hydrochloric Acid 1. Place 50.0 mL of 1.0 M HCl into a clean graduated cylinder. 2. On a top-loading balance, transfer approximately 0.7 to 0.8 g of MgO to a clean weighing boat (no need to record this mass). Next, determine the mass of the MgO and the weighing boat on the analytical balance and record the data. Transfer the MgO to the dry calorimeter. 3. On the analytical balance, record the mass of the â€Å"empty† weighing boat after the transfer and calculate the mass of MgO actually transferred to the calorimeter. 4. Record the initial temperature (Ti) of the 1.0 M HCl solution in the graduated cylinder. 5. Note the time (time = zero) and add the 50.0 mL of 1.0 M HCl to the calorimeter containing the MgO. 7-8 points after the temperature maximum. In this reaction all the MgO should react since HCl is used in excess. However, if the solid MgO is allowed to sit on the bottom or sides of the cup it will not dissolve and hence it will not react. Make sure the solution is mixed constantly but gently. (NOTE: Before discarding this solution, check to see that all of the MgO has reacted. If solid MgO remains, the results from this portion of the experiment are not accurate. If any solid is present, this portion of the experiment must be repeated.)  6. When data collection is completed, rinse the calorimeter and thermometer with distilled water and dry as completely as possible.

Market and situational analysis: Starbucks Coffee

Market and situational analysis: Starbucks Coffee Executive Summary Starbucks is a long history company in specialty coffee industry, established in 1971 Seattle Washington USA and traded in NASDAQ stock market since 1985 under the symbol SBUX, provided beverages e.g. high quality coffee, tea and light food items through company-owned and licensed stores in domestic market and international market all over the world with strongly focus in differentiate and innovation known by Starbucks experience together with Global Responsibility strategy; commitment to communities and employee satisfaction policy complemented in its business strategy (Starbucks, 2009). Starbucks is a fast growing company and played a major role as the leader in specialty coffee industry until in 2006 to 2007, the company growth was starting to declined and turned to negative growth since 2008. While the company was in the bad situation with the global economic crisis and forced by the strong competitors McDonalds and Dunkin Donut, Howard Schultz had return as CEO (MSNBC, 2008) a nd tried to transform Starbucks from the struggling period return to innovative and growth again (Howard, 2009). In this following report provides analysis of company mission, business strategy with Porters Generic Strategies (Michael, 1980), using Michael Porters five forces (Michael, 1979) to analyze specialty coffee industry, situation analysis with SWOT, Starbucks core competencies (C.K. Gary, 1990) and competitive advantage (Michael, 1996) examine by C.K. Prahalad Gary Hamel method and Michael Porter competitive advantage model. The report includes strategy recommendation by using TOWS matrix in conjunction with SWOT analysis and competitive advantage, and ending with Potential fallout. Company Mission To inspire and nurture the human spirit one person, one cup and one neighborhood at a time. (Starbucks, 2009) as Starbuckss recently mission statement. The company has the principles and concerns all stakeholders including their suppliers, employees which recognized as partners, customers, communities, shareholders and even environment. Starting from its products themselves (coffee bean, tea, cocoa), theyre passionate to find the finest sources, finest process of products with improving the quality of life of the farmers. With the feeling of partners, all employees treat with respect and pride, also the engagement with customers and sense of human connections by the friendly and warming stores atmosphere to earn their royalty and trust, responsibilities and contribution to communities and social, together with one of the important missions is environmental friendly these make them Starbucks as a leader for changes and new standards. (Starbucks, 2009) Business strategy According to Starbucks mission, their business strategy used is mainly on differentiation focus strategy (Michael, 1980), not the cost leadership strategy, which try to make the different, to be the leader and innovate new standard with their unique products and services that customer could perceived and valued better than others competitors which not easy to be copied or time needed (for some particular periods), as their named it Starbucks experience and with quite focus on particular target and market; customers whom share the same valued, required premium-level coffee, have spending ability; young urban professionals, teenage and trendy (Wikinvest, 2010) but not the pricing competition. Source: Generic Strategies Michael Porter (1980), http://www.marketingteacher.com Starbucks business strategy (differentiation focus) has been used in all processes and all stakeholders; starting from suppliers and farmers that Starbucks made the different in the way of finding the source of materials (e.g. coffee bean) at the origin places not from the secondary sources and the most significant is tried to improve farmers quality of life in the same time also got the good quality of coffee beans. Secondly, they treat the employees differently from the others whom they called partners that hope to make the different in the way of service-minded and relations. Another most important and differentiate point is the global/environment/community responsibilities as their shared value as mention by Howard Schultz, Starbucks CEO, said You dont do these things for recognition, you do these things because they are the right thing to do (Nancy, Marya, Katherine, 2008). Industry Structure As a different industry has different nature of business, competition or level of profitability (productivity and efficiency). So for better understanding in this coffee specialty industry, it could use a framework of Michael Porter, which influenced by the five forces (Michael, 1979). First, the industry competitors or rivalry among existing firms in the current situation is very high. There are a lot of coffee specially brands and stores offers in the market including independent, local or small-chain coffee house. They are also choose the variety of competition including lower pricing, products differentiate improvement (e.g. taste, technique or quality of services Caribou coffee) (Nancy et al., 2008), innovative channel or new distribution (e.g. through fast-food chain McDonalds, Dunkin Donut, digital media, social network Facebook). There are many factors that influenced the rivalry intensity of the industries such as increasing the numbers of specialty coffee stores, declined of market growth so the firms have to fight for market share or expand the market (Starbucks is also faced this factors) with the same demand or fewer buyer and crowding with new entrances (Pascal, 2009). Next, Threat of Substitutes; the substitute of the products from other industry that can cause by the economic situation or even some new concern issue, for example, health concern (Starbucks, 2009). In economic recession period, the spending and value of customers might be an important concern and with more alternatives they may choose to consume instant coffee at home instead of costly premium-quality coffee from the stores. Also with healthy concern, customer might switch to drink healthier beverage juice, milk or less/no caffeine drink such as tea, herbal tea. Third force, Bargaining power of buyer (Buyer power), in this specialty coffee industry customers are powerful because there a lot of alternative choice of stores or others type of beverages to choose with limited scope of market, as not everyone like to drink coffee. It is easy for customer to change from one product to another without difficulty so its also low switching cost; one may pass by McCafe nearby their working place and get a coffee with meal instead of walk a long way to Starbucks. Another is Bargaining power of supplier (Supplier power), that most of industry needs raw material, component, others supplies. In this case the most significant supplier for specialty coffeehouse is Coffee bean that is the main cost of the productions following by milk (Starbucks, 2009). And the premium or high-quality coffee bean usually from the specific places or proper agriculture areas so supplier power plays important role and has power in this industry so the one who understand and take these into account also can gain the advantage from the others competitor like Starbucks currently does. At last, new entrance (Barriers to entry) is the barrier or threat to enter to this specialty coffee market. When there are opportunities or increasing in the profit of an industry, we can expect to have new comer to take or those benefit. With the not too (quite low compare to some advance technical expert required industry) expensive start-up cost, it can be seen that this specialty coffee industry is easy to entry or low barrier to entry so for the ones existing in this industry have to concern and find a proper strategy to gain the advantage or create barrier for the new comer. Starbucks Situations and SWOT Analysis From the specialty coffee industry, it can be seen that this industry has high competition with low barrier for new entrants and customer switching cost to others brand or substitute product is low. So during the previous year Starbucks faced the struggling situation to growth that will explain in the following paragraph. From the study from Pascal (2009) found that the situation in which Starbucks revenue was rose slowly in 2008 and net profit fell significantly. The growth rate began to be negative the first time in 2008 since 1997. One of the reasons may come from the economy recession that reduced customer spending but in the same period some company such as McDonalds sale increased which can be assumed that customer finding for most value for the spending from the less income. Secondly, Starbuck strategy of fast store expanding especially in U.S. markets that almost every a corner in the big city had Starbuck store has to find more customer to keep up with new opened store. So in 2008 and Jan 2009, Starbuck had closed around 800 stores in U.S. and 100 stores internationally. Third, another reason was from increased rival in coffee-house business and new competitor from fast food chain restaurant; McDonald and Dunkins Donuts that have large number of stores and existing customers provided with var ieties value or economy meals and beverages. Even Starbucks tried to provide hot breakfast but finally had to stop by the customers complaint of smell detraction from coffee house environment. According to those situations, it could be use SWOT analysis to study the detail of Starbucks situation, challenges and opportunity to overcome those situations. At first, the Strengths, it can be seen that Starbucks has a strong brand name and good brand reputation (Nancy et al., 2008), Strong visionary leadership of currently CEO, Mr. Howard Schultz with experienced management team (Starbucks, 2009), Expertise and know-how in coffee house business, Well-training systems and engagement from partners (employees) and large number of distribution stores. Especially they have their own exclusive sources of coffee beans with experienced and expert team to prove the quality of materials in conjunction with researchers to improve the quality of coffee bean. In addition Starbucks has strong financial situation as can be seen from the cash flow and the increasing of dividend which will be paid in August this year (2010) (The New York Times, 2010). Secondly, the Weaknesses, Starbucks branded itself as a premium coffee for premium customers, trendy, young and teenage that limits the scope of the markets or loses the new potential customers (Wikinvest, 2010). Because of Starbucks has experienced management and has long term relation with the company, the loss of high level management can affect the current operation and strategy plan (Starbucks, 2009). Another point is that Starbucks is a fast-growing and successful company in the past decade so this make Starbucks complacent (Howard, 2009) making the company not creating new innovations in coffee business. Next weak point is that currently, there are higher turnover rate of partners (employees) that some caused by company restructuring and others by the heavier load in the stores, less connection or relation between managements and partners also causing by the fast expansion and the large number of partners (Nancy et al., 2008). Additional, Starbucks has high cost of productions especially for the coffee bean that normally 15% higher than the market price (Nancy et al., 2008) to maintain the business strategy which aim to improve quality of farmers or workers life- fair wages and research and development for the best quality of coffee beans. Furthermore, there is not too nimble to make decision and execution together with struggling in the business strategy so there are lacks of new distribution channels, partners and networks. Third, Opportunities: There is the growth trend of specialty coffee as the demand of more people drinking coffee and the trend of flavor to have a coffee at coffee house (Vending market watch, 2008). There are International market gap that still available to fulfill the demand of coffee drinking, especially in the emerging country like Russia, India and China (The Seattle Time, 2010). Another good sign is that the economic recession seems to be at the lowest point and starting to recovered (Jeremy, 2010). And with the new technology arrival, Starbucks can improve IT system from back-end processes that can provide faster and prà ©cising information helping management to react or make immediate decision to the market situations and competitors including using IT to improve the supply chain management, factory/warehouse automation or even the operation processes at the stores to improvement customer ordering process such as billing and information gathering to expand customers network and distribute information through digital media and social network like Facebook or iPhone Apple online store (Starbucks, 2009). Additional condition of the global warming and climate change situation has bring the social concern and that can make more reputations to the Starbucks as the leader in environment friendly which is one of their mission and business strategy. Forth, Threats: The economic crisis and recession change the way of consuming and spending of customers (Pascal, 2009) and also high rivalry in the coffee house industries in which the competitors can provide similar products and services with difference values and strategies like fast-food chain restaurant such as McDonalds and Dunkin Donut in addition with new entrances which have expertise of coffee brew or experienced barista in the local brand stores. Another threat is the new technology of automatic coffee machine that can provide similar quality or taste with cost competitive and convenience as the coffee house provided. One of the most important threat is the Demographic changes which the reduce of the growth rate in number of young and teenage compare the baby boomer ages that become more and more (Wikinvest, 2010) that are not Starbucks target market and not match with their strategy. The last threat may include the concern of the health of the people to drink coffee that h as caffeine, lots of sugar and fat and this issue can become the significant threat of customers switching to the substitute more healthy products. Core competencies and competitive advantage As the core competencies are the source of competitive advantage and they are lead to the development of products and services (C.K. Garry, 1990). Source: The Core Competence of the Corporation by C.K. Prahalad and Gary Hamel Starbuckss Core Competencies: From the diagram above, Starbucks uses one of its competency (e.g. expert and passionate to find the finest source of raw material) to build their core product (Coffee bean) that did not sale directly to the customers but they use it to create a large numbers of end products. It can be explored more detail of Starbucks core competencies such as: From Nancy et al. found, it can be seen that, Starbucks develop their own competency on the expertise of coffee bean selection that difficult for the competitor to copied by use their passion to find out the source of great coffee bean also with the mind of differentiate and innovation, they keep researching and developing the process to improve the way of agriculture and transfer the knowledge to the contracted farmers or worker with long-term relationship using the principle of fair wages and improving the quality of their life together with community engagement. Also with the knowledge and research development in roasting technology in their factory make them expertise in coffee bean roasting process as another competency, these make Starbucks own unique premium quality coffee beans as their first core product. From this point, Starbuck distribute this core product to different business to create varies end products; one of the business unit is Global Consumer Product Group (CPG) that responsible for the different products type of packaged coffee. Another business unit, foodservice, will distribute the coffee bean to Starbucks stores to make many type of coffee beverage drink; Cappuccino, Late, etc. (Starbucks, 2009) Additional competency that we can extract from Starbucks is their expertise in management and leadership with ethical to transfer and make all stakeholders shared the same values which include partner (employees), supplier, communities or public and customers. Some of the values are global responsibility, fair trade certified, environment friendly, engagement of partners with customer in personal level and engagement of the firm to communities. From this competency they got Starbucks brand itself as another core products. These core competency can be distribute to different business units and provide others the end products such as Starbucks coffee machine, Souvenir-Mug, Cup, Cap, T-shirt, etc. or even CDs, music and books in the name of Starbucks selections. And it can be seen that these kinds of the products also generate good revenues to the company. Starbucks competitive advantage These can be used Michael Porter Competitive advantage (Michael, 1996) to analyze Starbucks competitive advantage that he categorized into two type; Cost advantage and Differentiation. It can be seen that Starbucks position itself in differential advantage and use it as their business strategy to create competitive advantages. The detail explanation will be shown in following paragraph. Source: Competitive Advantage, Strategic Management from http://www.quickmba.com As diagram above, in order to develop competitive advantage the firm must to have resource and capabilities know to utilize the resource in efficiency way, in this case Starbucks has superior resources than others competitors as mentioned in their core competency, they have strong brand and firm reputation, knowledge or expertise in specialty coffee process and business including royalty and good networking in the value chain suppliers, licensed stores and customers that not easy or very few competitor and gain similar resources. With the capabilities to utilize or bring their products and services to the market faster than competitors, those make them has the distinctive competencies (QuickMBA, n.d.). Compare to a competitor like Caribou Coffee which has fewer resources fewer stores network (less than 5% of Starbucks) (Wikinvest, 2010) and less capabilities (slower expansion stores growth rate) to bring products or innovation to the market. While compared to the potential competitor such as McDonald that has good similar resources, brand reputation in food-services and with more stores networks than Starbucks but there still some resources (know-how of coffee brew and coffee bean) Starbucks has more superior than McDonald. Even McDonald has almost the same capabilities to use those resources but they choose to use cost advantage as their strategy that opposite with Starbucks. Combining with the value that Starbucks created in the value chain system (upstream value created with suppliers, social and downstream to customer) that perceived by the customer has overall more value and differentiate than McDonald. Strategy recommendations Currently, most of Starbucks strategy are tried to create differentiate and tried to use Blue Ocean Strategy with pursuit differentiation and cost advantage (low-cost) in the same time (W. Chan Renee, 2004). So from the SWOT (TOWS) analysis in section 5 above, strategy recommendation might be developed using TOWS Matrix (Heinz, n.d.) as Source: The TOWS Matrix A tool for Situation Analysis, Heinz Weihrich, University of San Francisco First, as the opportunities in the growth of coffee drinking markets, Starbucks could use their strength in Brand reputation to build more brand awareness to new potential customers by using various type of medias include digital media especially in social network that might increase stronger network and royalty, in which Starbucks currently does it (Willis, 2010) but these would cover only the target which customers involving in the social network such as teenage and young adult so they should expand more target market to ones who still use the traditional way of media including TV, Magazines or Sport or communities activities. Also create more social responsibility activities and interaction between customers and the company. Another opportunities is to fulfill in international market that compare to the current ratio of domestic stores in U.S. (11,128) and international stores (5,507) that only a half compare inly in U.S market (Starbucks, 2009). As their strength in knowledge and experience in Specialty Coffee industry, strong management training procedure and financial situation, they should focus more in international expansion, finding local experienced partner that understanding and knowledgeable in customers in that local market. Additional strategy recommended is using Maxi-Mini which utilize strengths to minimize threats is that, as they are strong in Brand, knowledge to find the own sources of coffee bean and strong financial position by using cost advantage strategy in this economic recession, Starbucks may create additional second brand which they are started to have another brand named Seattles Best Coffee (Starbucks, 2010) distribute to different channel such their new fast food chain partner, Burger King, to compete and try to get additional market share in this sectors also create a barrier for the new local coffee brew to entrance to this industry too. And as their strength in quality coffee bean, Starbucks may create more varieties products to serves new target market to minimize the change of demographic situation that more senior citizen or baby boomer ages that have different value and life style these products may include premium quality coffee bean packages and Starbucks automatic brew coffee machine which they can make their own high quality at home and new distribution channel (not only sell in Starbucks stores) such as discount stores to supply instant soluble coffee and packaged coffees bean, even Starbucks already had this kind of products such as VIA, TAZO (Starbuck, 2010) but in the target market and focus still so strong to aim at this population changed as were not easily see those products in currently situation. One more strategies to minimize the weakness by take advantage of the opportunities that are: first, even Starbucks has faced the drop in revenue growth during economic recession but there are opportunities for them to improve their business to be more productivity using new opportunities in new IT system technology that can help them to improve customer satisfaction in the process of the stores, ordering, billing and customer feedback also provide fast and precise information for manager to make decision such as additional partners (employees) in peak period or in crowded stores by those technology include semi-automatic coffee brew machine to reduce overload task of employee that can improve partners satisfaction and reduce turnover rate. Also free WIFI-internet available (Rick, 2010) for customer while waiting and crate new attraction for customers to spend frequently time at Starbucks. Another strategy recommends minimizing weakness and avoiding threat, which Starbucks has experienced and good management team as their strength also its the weakness of them if they are lost good management team, so to minimize this effect of management turnover, they have to make sure that they have prepared successors or executive trainees to be ready to take in charge. To minimize partners (employees) turn over caused by over loaded task at store, they have to improve employees satisfaction, proper workload, improved skilled by provide well-training course, valued creation and attractive benefits. In the same time, avoiding some threats such as customers health concerned by provide more choice in healthy options like Low-sugar, Sugar-free, low-fat, decaffeinate on beverages and snacks/meals. An another important threat is the changed in demographic of Higher number of seniors and reduced number of teenage or adults that can overcome by prepared additional or wider range of product s and services to match with their life style such as more healthy drinks- fruit juice, high-calcium milk product beverages and warm friendly (not too trendy) classical with senior facilities-easy accessible comfortable chair/table at stores. Potential fallout According to the suggestions and solutions in which some of them are using different business strategy and competitive strategy (Michael P., 1980); Differentiate and Cost advantage, in the same time and same industry may create conflict each other or create others issue (Constantinosc Daniel, 2010) or even bring the company to get stuck in the middle (Michael P., 1996) so Starbucks has to concern some of this consequence that could go wrong and make problems in the future such as: As the recommended strategy they might have more distribution channels (Stores, discount/convenience store, second brand Seattles best and fast-food chain restaurants), variety of products (In-store, Ready-to-Drink, Soluble, packaged bean and meals) and different type of international expansion (Starbucks own stores, Licensing and franchising). One issue that may occur is the Channel conflict which cause by the new way of provided products and services or over productions or product substitutions such as less consume at store increasing soluble and packaged coffee bean make at home might that may drop the demand of in the store and rising the coffee sale in discount store that harm some of channels. Increasing sale through fast-food chain restaurant such as Burger King and Subway (Carol, 2010) but reduce revenue from the Starbuckss own stores or even decreasing the partner (licensed/Franchise) relationship. More than that the recommendation strategy to make new innovation, differentiation by create more Social/global responsibility, research and development, suppliers and partner satisfaction and used of new technology as customer satisfaction are more costly to the production and with the concern of cost advantage for simultaneous use of differentiation and low cost (W.Chan Renee, 2004) to create more value to customer, efficiency and stretch all the resources are important and some of them may lose from this process that may damage brand reputation or even lost the value or culture of the company (Constantinos Daniel, 2010). At last, as the current situation in August, 2010 of Starbucks leading by Mr. Howard Schultz, it seems that Starbucks has got back into the track which has the positive growth in both sales and profits (The New York Times, 2010) and will have new innovation products and services launched in sooner days.

Investigating The Structure Of Pig Heart Physical Education Essay

Investigating The Structure Of Pig Heart Physical Education Essay Introduction There are three layers of the heart: the epicardium, myocardium and the endocardium. The heart, like a dual pump, which is to pump blood around the whole body, pick-up nutrients and oxygen, at the same time, helping eliminate deleterious wastes, such as carbon dioxide. Moreover, the heart consists of four chambers: two ventricles and two atria. The upper chambers are called atria while the lower chambers are called ventricles, they are separated by valves. Valves are one-way, see Figure 1(Lane, 2010b), hence, they play an important role in preventing the blood from flowing back. Figure 1 One Way Valve (Lane, 2010b) The left are right chambers are separated by muscular wall septum. Without this septum, blood from one chamber will be mixed up with the blood from another and be contaminated (Burnell, 2010). The ventricles have thicker muscles than the atria, they are strong enough to pump the blood out of the heart and circulate to other parts of the body.   Besides, the pressure applied on the left ventricle is greater. As a result, the walls of the left ventricle are the thickest among all the walls of chambers (Burnell, 2010). The coronary artery supply blood to heart muscles and oxygenated, it under the groove on the front the heart and it branches over the front (Lane, 2010b) The pulmonary artery can carry blood to lungs to incept oxygen. It is used to travel the short distance to lungs because large volume of blood can be passed through and oxygenated. The pulmonary artery locates d of curving out of the right ventricle (Lane, 2010b). Methodology Apparatus The material and apparatus used in the experiment: the fresh pig heart, dissecting pan, forceps, scalpels, scissors and gloves. Methods and Observations Procedure 1: External Structure (Lane, 2010a) The heart was washed and placed into a dissecting pan. The colour of heart is pink, white colour exist in the top (maybe this colour is from fatty) and with much dried blood. It can be held by two hands and approximately is 13 cm 10 cm 7 cm. The heart is about 0.25 kg. The pericardium was found a covering the membrane of heart. The pericardium was cut by a scalpel so that the pericardium could be observed. The myocardium was located below the pericardium. The pericardium is a strong membrane. Thus, it is difficult to remove this membrane. It is about 1mm and colourless. The apex was located and was pointing down. The apex is easy to find, it is pink and pointed. The front of the heart was recognized by a groove that extends from the right side of the broad end to the left of the apex. There are many veined patterns in the front of heart, judged it in this way: the major blood vessels were on the top half running down to the apex. There were four chambers in heart. The left and right atria were found. Left and right chambers are distinct and atria are upper than the ventricles. Also, the left chambers are bigger than right chamber. Blood vessels at the broad end of the heart were located. The coronary artery was found its position; the pulmonary artery was located by finger curving out of the right ventricle; and the aorta was located behind the pulmonary artery. The pulmonary veins were found at the top of the left atrium. The superior vena cava was found in top of right atrium. The coronary artery is under the groove on the front of the heart. The pulmonary artery on the right side, the aorta is behind the pulmonary artery both from the top. The diameters of holes are about 3cm. The pulmonary vein is in the left side and behind the superior vena cave. However, the inferior vena cava can not be found. Figure 2 and Figure 3 are shown the external structure (Xia, 2010). Procedure 2: Internal Anatomy (Lane, 2010a) Using scissors, the pulmonary artery was cut through. The wall of the right ventricle was cut down continually, parallel to the groove of coronary artery. It is easy to cut through and the wall of the right ventricle. The wall is about 1cm thin and very smooth. A finger was used to push open the heart, the dried blood inside the chambers was washed out. Many blood clots exist inside. The blood clots are dark and jellified. The muscular wall of right atrium was measured. The right ventricle was felt the thickness and its smooth textured lining. The muscular wall of the right atrium was measured, about 1cm. The wall is very smooth. Inferior vena cava was found in the internal right ventricle, and the lack of valves was noticed. Inferior vena cava in the inside chamber lower left, which locate in right ventricle, near apex. The valve between the right atrium and right ventricle was observed. The valve between the right atrium and right ventricle is thin and easy to break. It was not easily seen. The network of irregular muscular cords was noticed. The network of irregular muscular cords was found everywhere. The colour of them is pink and ropy. It is hard to destroy. The septum on the right side of the right ventricle was found. The septum on the right side of right ventricle is very thick about 1.5cm. Using a finger, the pulmonary artery was followed to locate the right ventricle. The pulmonary valve was found. The pulmonary valve is very thin about 1mm and not seen to be intact. Figure 3 is shown the right side of heart (Xia, 2010). Using scissors, the heart was cut on the outside of left atrium downward into the left ventricle cutting toward the apex to septum at the center groove. The heart was cleaned. The wall of the left atrium is about 2.5cm. The wall of the left ventricle is thicker, about 3 cm and hard to cut through. Jellified bloods were washed. Semi-lunar valves were found. Semi-lunar valves are consisting two valves, about 1mm and pink. Mitral valve was found. The two parts of valves were seen and about 1mm. The left ventricle was cut across toward the aorta, to expose any valves. The left ventricle is hard to cut because the wall is about 3cm. The aortic valve was found. The valve is consisted of three flaps, the shape as half-moon, about 1mm. Figure 5 is shown the left side of heart (Xia, 2010). Figure 6 is shown the internal anatomy (Xia, 2010) Result Figure 2 The Front View of Heart (Xia, 2010) Figure 3 The Rear View of Heart (Xia, 2010) Figure 4 The Right Side of Heart (Xia, 2010) Figure 5 The Left Side of Heart (Xia, 2010) Figure 6 The Internal Structure (Xia, 2010) All these figures are at the end of report in the appendix. Discussion Initially, because the structure of heart is unfamiliar, the process was done slowly, and many aspects are uncertain. In addition, before the experiment a picture of heart structure was found, during the experiment the picture was used to compare with the real heart so that identification can be more easily achieved to find structures position. However, the correct position of picture is different from position in the real heart. The reasons may the diagram is idealized, the real heart is empty and collapsed, structures lack colour contrast to distinguish. When the wall of left ventricle was cut, it is more difficult to sever than the right ventricle. During procedure 2, some muscular cords were cut and some places were undistinguishable. The wall of left ventricle is much thicker than right wall because the left ventricle did the major work. The handout suggested that watching the diastole and systole of the heart. However, this is a departed pig heart, thus, the phenomenon can not be seen. In addition, valves are very thin, when the heart is cut, valves are easily destroyed by mistake, such as the pulmonary valve is not seen to be intact. Conclusion During the experiment, the heart was examined, its external structure, each vessels characteristic and position was found and recognized. In the internal anatomy, different positions of valves were found. Dimensions of different parts of heart were measured: the size of heart, the pericardium, the diameter of vessels holes, the wall of the right ventricle and atrium, the wall of the left ventricle and atrium, the thickness of semi-lunar valves, the thickness of mitral valve, the thickness of aortic valve.

Comparison Between Piano Concert By Barbara Wieman And Sacramento Cham

Comparison Between Piano Concert by Barbara Wieman and Sacramento Chamber Orchestra   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  On Feb 20,1997, I attended a piano concert that was performed by Barbara Wieman. The performance was held at the American River College Music Department choir room. The choir room holds about 100 people and every seat was taken and students were seated on the floor. The audience was dressed casual as everyone was students trying to do their concert papers. Barbara Weiman was also dressed casual but nice. The piano concert started at 12:20pm and was finished at 1:05pm.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The program started with a piece from L.V. Beethoven called Sonata in F minor, Op.57. This piece can be characterized by an intense, dramatic use of fluctuating dynamics. It was as if the crescendo was not allowed to climax, then is aborted by a sudden change to pianissimo. The so called Beethoven motif was used throughout the piece, very effectively I might add. Barbara Wieman was very animated performing this piece and seemed to be very emotional while playing. This piece was very distinct and there was an effective use of rests that was displayed. I would call this piece very serious. After Beethoven we were treated to F. Schuberts Impromptu in G flat Major, Op. 90, No.3. This piece was very pleasing to the ear so we could call this consonant. The music seemed to flow and had a great rhythm. This piece was romantic in nature and probably that is why it was written in the romantic era. C. Debussy ‘s Feux d'artifice (fireworks) was the next piece played. The harmony was very obscured in this piece of music. The theme trying to be presented in this piece was as if fireworks were going off. The notes were ever changing and there was a very good uses of all the keys of the piano. This piece was not very pleasing at all and I did not care for it at all. From looking around the room it seemed other people would agree. After that unpleasant piece was played we were lead into La Cathedrale engloutie (The Sunken Cathedral). It was very slow starting but eventually started building the tempo and then seemed to drop off and become very slow in tempo. This piece seemed as if it were trying to tell a story. Alot of people seemed as if th... ...ught us back with a touching recollection of the very beginning of the work. The Bartok Divertimento was in three movements. It can be best described as continuous, fascinating, exciting and full of action. The melodies were strong, as were the rhythmic pulses and dissonance's. So much was happening that all you could do was go for the ride and enjoy it. The last major piece was by Copland, called Concerto for Clarinet and String Orchestra with Harp and Piano.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Copland piece was in two movements bridged by an unusually long cadenza (Soloist), that lasted over three minutes. The soloist seemed to dwell on the lyric sweetness of the first movement and then signaled the merriment of the second movement. The first part struck me as very slow but the second part was very rhythmic,very perky, and was passed around appreciatively by all, while the piano and clarinet were trading ideas with each other. All in all, this piece signaled excitement and was made very enjoyable with the clarinet and piano. As this was my first Chamber Concert I was not sure what to expect. I thoroughly enjoyed myself and I'm looking forward to my next concert.

Essay --

This Ocean energy is found around the world. 70% of the oceans surface is covered in water. According to alternative-energy-news website â€Å"Ocean energy is recovered when the wave power farm operates on the wave energy that is created when a float/ buoy flows with the natural movement of the waves.† The equipment needed is a very big buoyant crafted buoy, a long reliable cable wire and a heavy weight so the buoy does not float away and ruin your research. â€Å"The concept is simple†, says John Lienhard, a University of Houston mechanical engineering professor: â€Å"Every day the moon’s gravitational pull lifts countless tons of water up into, say, the East River or the Bay of Fundy. When that water flows back out to sea, its energy dissipates and, if we don’t use it, it’s simply spent.† The stronger the waves the more energy can be taken from it to power our world. We as humans use and waste this energy doing everyday work. Yes, you do need special equipment for processing wave energy from the ocean, main thing you need is a buoyant buoy to throw into the ocean and weigh it down with one solid weight, so you don’t lose almost 3 million dollars. Our energy sources is formed when the tidal energy is produced through the use of generators in the ocean. The generators are large under water turbines that are placed in areas with the highest tidal energy.The turbines’ job is to take in the kinetic motion of the withdraw and flow of the ocean's tides (shallow water) to get electricity. The tidal turbines are best used for shallow waters, because it is stronger than and most stable than casting it into the ocean where you would have to check on it everyday in almost deadly weather. They help because turbines rotates slowly so ships and passing ani... ...ards fuel and on going operation that represent upwards of 80% of the plant’s cost of energy. The greater availability of wave energy in areas means that devices will be able to absorb more energy and convert that to power at a greater rate that devices in areas with low wave energy density. Ocean power technologies will to live initially in areas with wave energy density.† As you read this excerpt from the website what are your opinions. Early-stage prototype government backed funding. We can conserve ocean energy by not polluting the ocean, save energy (use less lights and electricity). We can also conserve other natural energies. Ways to conserve energy would be: walking, biking, carpooling, using the mass transit. You can turn your refrigerator down, wash clothes in warm or cold water, turn down water heater, and the big thing we can do is Reduce, Reuse, Recycle.

Employee Rights & Managing Discipline

Employee Rights & Managing Discipline All corporations strive to have strong employee relations, recognizing employee rights and effectively administering discipline are two vital aspects of developing this relationship. These aspects, meticulously executed, generate increased job satisfaction amongst employees and improved performance. Identifying and observing various employee rights is an integral piece of managing discipline. Management must be cognizant of these employee rights, divided into three separate categories: statutory rights, contractual rights, and other rights (Gomez-Mejia, Balkin, and Cardy 441).Statutory rights, particular rights protected by specific legislation are often regulated by an agency of a state or federal government. A crucial right, developed by the Civil Rights Act of 1964 is the protection from discrimination based on race, sex, religion, national origin, age, or handicap. The Equal Employment Opportunity Commission of the federal government monitors employers to ensure that current and/or potential employees do not suffer from unfair discrimination.Protection against unsafe or unhealthy working conditions, another vital statutory right, falls under the regulation of Occupational Safety and Health Administration (Gomez-Mejia, Balkin, and Cardy 441). Contractual rights, granted by the law of contracts, derived from a legally binding promise created by two or more competent parties with remedies for non-compliance are another key element. Employment contracts, a classic example, clearly define the terms and conditions of employment for all involved parties.An advantage of such contracts entitles an employee to compensation if he/she is discharged for reasons other than nonperformance; this particular privilege is usually only available to individually negotiated contracts. Yet, benefits sheltered by union contracts include the right to due process and wrongful discharge remedies. Due process, the impartial investigation of discip linary actions allow members under a union contract to claim back pay and other job rights if found to have been wrongfully discharged (Gomez-Mejia, Balkin, and Cardy 441-442).However, these contracts are rare in the work force; most individuals, commonly employed at will, grant employer and/or employee an opportunity to terminate the relationship at any time for any cause. Employee rights, neither statutory nor contractual are other rights, encompassing, the right to ethical treatment, a limited right to privacy, and a limited right to free speech. Fair and ethical treatment by an employer is a reasonable expectation of employees, thus management needs to devise a culture promoting such treatment.Developing this culture include, but not limited to, techniques, such as, developing trust, acting consistently, demonstrating integrity, and ensuring that employees are treated equitably. Incorporating some of these practices will aid organizations to avoid high turnover rates, which can be damaging to the bottom line. The limited right to privacy, another defined other right, enables employees from unreasonable and unwarranted invasions of their personal affairs. Searches of an employee’s personal workspace or listening to their conversations should be limited situations initiated by reasonable cause or acquiring prior consent.Mark Dupont and Roy Clarke, shareholders of Richards, Watson, & Gershon, outline an effective method in which a corporation can acquire consent from employees: â€Å"Cover everything. Make the policy as broad as possible to cover all types of electronic communications that occur on work equipment, including those that may be developed and implemented in the future [cell phone, e-mail, text messaging, instant messaging, and so forth). The policy should be set up to evolve with the rapid pace of technology. . . Make sure the policy matches practice. . .Take care that mid-level managers do not undermine the policy with stray comments and assurances that are contrary to the policy. Make sure that the policy matches up with actual practice. If the policy intends a no-personal-use policy, do not undermine that directive with mixed messages. It is also advisable to have employees sign an acknowledgement that they have read and understand the policy, . . At the same time, make sure the policy is practical if incidental personal use is inevitable, understand the implications of such a policy, and address it (Privacy rights). Another privacy issue arises from the handling of employees’ personnel files, containing sensitive personal information. These essential files ought to be available only to a limited population of the corporation in order to protect an employee’s privacy. Individuals vigorously protect the right to free speech, a cornerstone of the U. S. Constitution; nonetheless, this is limited within the private sector. An employee publicly disagreeing with corporate strategies is to expect disciplin e. Moreover, inflammatory or abusive language insulting superiors, peers, and/or clients warrant negative onsequences (Gomez-Mejia, Balkin, and Cardy 442-445). Successful implementation of discipline while adhering to the standards and expectations of employee rights does encounter adversity; random drug testing, whistle blowing, and the restriction of office romances consist of a few challenges management must confront (Gomez-Mejia, Balkin, and Cardy 447). Many employees view random drug testing as a direct violation of their right to privacy, claiming the practice is an unreasonable invasion. The intent of random drug testing is to create a safer work environment by the most equitable means, but it continually meets resistance.Therefore, many private corporations have opted for other avenues to ensure workplace safety. One method utilized by private firms is pre-employment drug testing, a test given to all potential employees, as a step in the hiring process dissipates tension bet ween employee and management concerning the issue, in essence, an applicant’s failure of this drug test enables a firm the right not to extend an employment opportunity. Another alternative is probable cause drug testing, occurring when an employee engages in unsafe or suspicious behavior.Both forms of testing do not arise randomly, but transpire for a predetermined reason, alleviating the issue of invasion of privacy (Gomez-Mejia, Balkin, and Cardy 447-449). The act of whistle blowing, an instance when an employee discloses illegal, immoral, or illegitimate practices of an employer, presents another delicate situation for corporations. A whistle blowing incident requires a tempered response from a firm’s management team, compelling them to retain authority without trampling an employee’s right to free speech.Managers must refrain from behaving inappropriately and encouraging dire measures, such as, ostracizing, harassing, or firing the vocal employee. Despite a reasonable response from management, whistle blowing is still a risky endeavor and an individual should accumulate the proper documentation before going forward. Yet, such undertakings have produced valuable legislation; the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, provides protection to whistle blowers and holds offending parties accountable for their infractions (Gomez-Mejia, Balkin, and Cardy 451-453). Administering restrictions on office romances commands another balancing act from managers.Management must determine the appropriate measures to limit the firm’s liability from sexual harassment litigation, but not infringe upon employees’ off-duty relationships and behaviors, invading their privacy. A few corporations elect to establish a no-dating policy even with this policy’s drawbacks; namely, the difficulty of enforcing the policy or being compelled to terminate a valuable employee for a violation of this policy despite no illegal activity occurring. Conversely, othe r firms encourage office romances acknowledging the benefits of a happier and more stable work force.These two scenarios are the extremes, most companies find comfort with the middle ground of neither condemning nor condoning office romances, rather accepting them as long as they do not involve a supervisor and his/her direct subordinate (Gomez-Mejia, Balkin, and Cardy 453-454). Effectively disciplining employees while respecting their rights may be cumbersome, but two different approaches, commonly used, are a progressive style and a positive style of discipline, both consisting of the manager discussing questionable behavior with an employee (Gomez-Mejia, Balkin, and Cardy 454).Progressive discipline, multiple interactions giving employees opportunities to correct deviant behavior before dismissal, typically addressing minor infractions comprise of three to five steps. The initial step, a verbal warning, describes the behavioral miscue and notifies the employee of possible consequ ences if the undesired behavior persists. An employee committing another infraction of the same policy within a specified period will be subjected to a written warning.This recorded documentation, entered into the employee’s personnel file, reiterates the issue and describes further repercussion if the problem continues. The severity of the situation increases with each successive step of the progressive discipline process, thus not heeding these warnings, an employee may face unpaid suspension and/or eventual discharge from a company (Gomez-Mejia, Balkin, and Cardy 455-456). Another multiple step form of discipline, positive discipline, is similar to the progressive method without the adversarial aspect.This process encourages cooperation among managers and employees, opening a dialogue to correct deficient behaviors. The first step involves a discussion of the poor performance and a verbal solution to the problem. If this proves ineffective, the subsequent step is another c ounseling session, but the agreed upon resolution is now documented. Squandering both these opportunities still results with the employee taking time away from the work, as with progressive discipline, however, under the positive method this is paid.This approach attempts to avoid ill-mannered behavior from the offending employee upon return with hope that the performance is improved, if not, separation of employment is the final action. While the initial implementation is costly and the administering of this method is time-consuming, both, managers and employees prefer this process. The cooperative construct of counseling eliminates apprehensions regarding discipline, creating managers more apt to intervene when an issue arises, fostering better working relationships with their employees (Gomez-Mejia, Balkin, and Cardy 455-457).Incorporating basic principles within the management of discipline regardless of the severity of the infraction creates uniformity and understanding. Manage ment should communicate the rules, expectations, and performance criteria to all employees clearly, thus creating a workforce knowledgeable of the policies, procedures, and consequences of their violation. All information, properly documented, enables both, management and employees, to present and/or dispute only facts.Furthermore, discipline administered quickly, consistently, and without discrimination is the most effective. Michael S. Lavenantan, attorney at the law firm of Landegger & Baron, specializing in labor & employment law suggest: â€Å"To avoid liability for harassment, discrimination, or wrongful demotion or termination, every organization should train its supervisors to follow these six non-negotiable rules of discipline. 1. Be fair. 2. Be consistent 3. Be uniform. 4. Be honest. 5. Be objective. 6. Be prepared.Following these six rules will help you minimize liability when an employee makes a claim. Educating supervisors about these rules will give them the right bal ance between authority and receptivity. The result will be low turnover and high productivity for your organization† (The Art of Employee Discipline). In conclusion, recognizing employee rights and managing discipline is a complicated task requiring the attention to numerous details, yet, done in an efficient, effective manner will generate a stronger work force prepared to succeed.Works Cited Gomez-Mejia, Luis R. , David B. Balkin, and Robert L. Cardy. Managing Human Resources. 6th ed. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson/Prentice Hall, 2010. Print. Dupont, Norman, and Roy Clarke. â€Å"Privacy rights: employee use of electronic devices in the workplace. † Public Management 92. 10 (2010): 24+. Academic OneFile. Web. 30 Nov. 2010. Lavenant, M.. â€Å"THE ART OF EMPLOYEE DISCIPLINE: How to Retain Control & Increase Production. † Nonprofit World 1 Jul 2010: ABI/INFORM Global, ProQuest. Web. 1 Dec. 2010.